MainLarge language models (LLMs) are machine learning (ML) models trained on massive amounts of text to complete sentences. Aggressive scaling of these models has led to a rapid increase in their capabilities1,2, with the leading models now being able to pass the US Medical Licensing Examination3 or other professional licensing exams. They also have been shown to design and autonomously perform chemical reactions when augmented with external tools such as web search and synthesis planners4,5,6,7...